Critical Economics analysis of turmeric production in surkhet district in Nepal
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of study
Turmeric
is a perennial herbaceous tuberous medicinal plant of the family Zingiberaceae.
It is native to India and China and is also known as “golden spice of
life” Haldi in Nepali language and is most commonly used spice in
the culinary all over the world. The word turmeric is derived from a French
word 'Terre merite' meaning merit of the earth(Kadte et al., 2018). The most
important component found in ginger which makes it valuable in the market
is curcumin
which is very helpful in the treatment of many diseases. Turmeric is
useful in the preparation of dye, drugs and cosmetics. In Ayurvedic
medicine, turmeric is a well-documented treatment for various respiratory
conditions (e.g., asthma, bronchial hyperactivity and allergy), as well
as for liver disorders, anorexia, rheumatism, diabetic wounds, runny
nose, cough, and sinusitis(Araújo & Leon, 2001). Critical Economics
analysis of turmeric production in surkhet district in Nepal .
It has unique importance in
performing pooja
and many other religious and marriage ceremonies in Nepal. It is one of
the spices which plays an important role in the national economy and is
also one of the five major important spices in Nepali. If we talk about
the production of turmeric all arounds the globe, India ranks first
followed by China and Myanmar (Bishnoi et al., 2020). In context of
Nepal, among high values crops, turmeric covers 11% area and 15.07% in case
of production(MOAD, 2019). Fresh turmeric (Kapurkot 1) has 13.8% powder
forming ability and 92.8% of dry turmeric is converted into powder. It
contains 4.89% curcumin and 6.65% aromatic oils(PMAMP,
2017).
Nepal is a federal democratic
country situated in between the two large countries i.e. India and China
and in between the latitude of 26022’N to 30027’N and
longitude of 8004’E to 88012’E. It has a total
geographical area of 1,47,181 sq. Km where the main source of occupation
for most of the people is Agriculture. Agriculture contributes to about 27.10%
of total GDP and provides livelihood and employment to 65.6% of total
labor force of the country(AITC, 2019). Nepal is federally divided into
seven provinces and among them is a Karnali province where our study area
Surkhet
district is situated. The headquarter of this district is Birendranagar and
is also the capital of Karnali province. Birendranagar is further divided
into 9 local level units of 5 municipality and 4 village municipality.
Other districts connected with Surkhet are Salyan districts in
East, Doti and Achham in West, Achham, Dailekh and Jajarkot in the North and
Kailali and Bardiya in South. The major Agricultural crops of this
district are ginger, turmeric, vegetables, mandarin, citrus, mango,
litchi, banana and cereals like rice, maize, wheat, millet and barley,
legumes like lentil, chickpea, gram, soyabean, etc. and mustard. The area
occupied by turmeric in Surkhet is 120 ha and the production is 1080 MT
with a productivity of 9Mt/ha(MOAD, 2019). It is one of the high turmeric
producing district of Nepal and also supplies turmeric to various parts of
Nepal. It is a hub for turmeric production and therefore the study area for
this research was chosen as Surkhet district Nepal.Which is importants
things.
2.Statement of the problem
In Nepal , If we see the overall
scenario of the per capita domestic produce in surkhet and whole nation,
it is in the declining ratio. Critical Economics analysis of turmeric
production in surkhet district in Nepal .There are many factors associated with
it. First of all, it is due to the poor linkage between the value chain
adding person which helps in this activities. Moreover the study on the
economics of turmeric production in surkhet district has not been made so
far.
3.Objectives
For this study, there are two
main types of objectives:-
3.1 Broad Objectives
To know about the critical economics of the production of turmeric in Surkhet district Karnali province.
3.2 Specific
Objectives
1. To know about the resource use
and cost structures of the turmeric farmers 2. To know about the returns and
profitability of the turmeric farmers of surkhet
3. To know about the constraints
faced by the farmers in marketing and production 4. To know about the price
spread, price stability and price variation of turmeric
4. Literature Review
4.1 Trend Analysis
|
Fiscal Year (BS / AD) |
Area (ha) |
Production (Mt) |
Yield (Mt/ha) |
Fiscal Year (BS / AD)2 |
|
2067/68 (2010/11) |
72 |
619 |
8.6 |
2067/68 (2010/11) |
|
2070/71 (2013/14) |
12 |
54 |
4.5 |
2070/71 (2013/14) |
|
2071/72 (2014/15) |
121 |
975 |
8.06 |
2071/72 (2014/15) |
|
2072/73 (2015/16) |
115 |
1,035 |
9 |
2072/73 (2015/16) |
|
2073/74 (2016/17) |
120 |
1,080 |
9 |
2073/74 (2016/17) |
|
2074/75 (2017/18) |
226 |
2,047 |
9.06 |
2074/75 (2017/18) |
|
2075/76 (2018/19) |
241 |
2,424 |
10.05 |
2075/76 (2018/19) |
|
2076/77 (2019/20) |
331 |
3,499 |
10.57 |
2076/77 (2019/20) |
|
2077/78 (2020/21) |
230 |
2,432 |
10.57 |
2077/78 (2020/21) |
|
Fiscal Year (BS / AD) |
Area (ha) |
Production (Mt) |
Yield (Mt/ha) |
Fiscal Year (BS / AD) |
Fig.: Trend analysis of turmeric production in Surkhet distric Karnali
province Nepal
In context of Nepal, Turmeric is
a very high value crop and also its production is favored by its low
investment and low water requirement. Critical Economics analysis of turmeric
production in surkhet district in Nepal .Initially, the Nepalese farmers used
to cultivate turmeric in the marginal and unused land but nowadays the
commercial cultivation of turmeric has been started by Nepalese farmers.
In 2010/11, the area and the production of turmeric was 72 ha and 619 Mt
with a productivity of 8.59 Mt/ha. The production of turmeric in next two
years i.e. 2011/12 and 2012/13 was increased but the area under
cultivation remained the same. For next two years the production was 1008
Mt with a productivity of 14 Mt/ha. However, the area and production of
turmeric in 2013/14 were reduced to 12 ha and 54 Mt with a productivity
of 4.5 Mt/ha. The area and production of turmeric in the years 2014/15,
2015/16 and 2016/17 are 121 ha, 115 ha, 120 ha and 975 Mt, 1035 Mt, 1080
Mt with a productivity of 8.05 Mt/ha, 9 Mt/ha and 9 Mt/ha respectively.
But these data raised very highly in the next year which became 205.46 ha
area, 3169 Mt production with 12.8 Mt/ha productivity. The area and production
of turmeric in 2018/19 and 2019/20 are 241 ha, 325 ha and 2424 Mt, 4897
Mt with a productivity of 10.05 and 15 Mt/ha. But these data fell down
heavily the next year and became 115 ha area and 472 Mt production with
4.1 Mt/ha productivity.
Fig : Trend analysis of turmeric
production in Surkhet distric Karnali province Nepal
A man cannot produce a physical
product nor he can destroy it, the only thing he can do is to create
utility by changing its form. So the process of adding utility to a physical
material by using factors like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship
is called production(Vogt, 2015).
Short run and long run
Short run refers to a time period
in which a firm does not have sufficient time to increase the scale of
output. It can increase only the level of output by increasing the quantity of
a variable factor and making intensive use of the existing fixed factors.
On the other hand long run refers to the time period in which the firms
can increase the scale of output by increasing the quantity of all the
factor inputs simultaneously and in the same proportion. The distinction
between fixed and variable factors is relevant only in the short run but this
distinction disappears in the long run.
Level of production and scale
of production in turmeric
When any firm increases
production by increasing the quantity of one factor input where as the
quantity of other factor inputs keeping constant; it increases the level of
production. But
on the other hand, when the firms
increases production by increasing the quantity of all the factors of
production simultaneously and in the same proportion, it increases the scale
of production.
In economics, production
function refers to the physical relationship between inputs and
output under given technology. In other words, production function is a
mathematical functional/technical/engineering relationship between inputs
and output such that with a given combination of factor inputs and
technology at a given period of time, the maximum possible output can be
produced such as land, labor capital and entrepreneurship.
Critical Economics analysis of
turmeric production in surkhet district in Nepal .If there are two factor
inputs: labor (L) and capital (K), then production function can be
written as: Qx = f (L, K) where Qx is the quantity of output of commodity x, f
is the function and L and k are the units of labor and capital
respectively. It says that quantity of output depends on units of labor
on capital used in production.
Here two points are worth
considering. Firstly, production function must be considered with
reference to particular period of time i.e. short period and long period.
Secondly, production function is determined by state of technology.
Factors of production are the
resources that are used to produce the services and goods. They are also
called as the building blocks of economy. The factors of production are
divided into four categories which are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
Land
Land is the primary factor of
production and includes not only the land resources but also anything
that comes from the land(The Economic Lowdown Podcast Series, n.d.). The
land resources may be renewable like forests or non-renewable resources
like oil and natural gases. The income that is generated by the use of
land is called as rent.
Labor
Labor is the effort contributed
by the people for the production of goods and services. If we are paid
for our work done, it means we have been contributing to the production process
as labor. For example, waiter, engineer, driver, construction laborer,
etc.Critical Economics analysis of turmeric production in surkhet district in
Nepal . The income that is generated by the labor is called wage and is
the largest source of the income for most of the people.
Capital
Capital is the machinery, tools
and buildings that human use to produce goods and services. For example,
tractor, harrow, plough, etc. The income earned by the use of capital
sources is called as interest.
Entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is a person who
combines the other factors of production - land, labor, and capital - to
earn a profit. The most successful entrepreneurs are innovators who find new ways
produce goods and services or who develop new goods and services to bring to
market. Without the entrepreneur combining land, labor, and capital in
new ways, many of the innovations we see around us would not exist. The
payment for entrepreneurship is called as profit.
Methodology
In this section, how the above
mentioned research objectives are to be accomplished along with the site
selection, research design, sampling technique, sampling population,
sampling size, sampling methods and data analysis techniques are discussed.
Site selection
In the course of LEE internship,
turmeric zone of surkhet district was selected as my study area on the
basis of lucky draw done for LEE site selection at Agriculture and
Forestry University on 11th of magh 2077. Moreover surkhet
district has a huge potential for the turmeric production. The total area
under cultivation of turmeric in this district is 120 ha producing about
1080Mt of turmeric according to the recent data of 2017/18(MOAD, 2019). Within
this district too, five study area are chosen among which 3 are
municipality viz. Panchapuri municipality, Lekbesi municipality and Bheriganga
municipality and two are Village municipality viz. Chaukune and
Barahataal.
Preliminary study
For the purpose of preliminary
study, pilot survey is to be carried out to gather the statistical
information of the target area. That information includes socioeconomic,
demographic, topographic information about turmeric cultivation and marketing
along with the relationship with the stakeholders. This study will be
useful in the preparation of the questionnaire.
5. Sample size, sampling
technique and sampling procedures
For this study, Proportionate
sampling technique is applied for the sampling design. The population is
not distributed equally in all of the municipalities of surkhet district.
Moreover, the cooperatives and the farmer’s group are also not present in
the equal number in all municipalities. Some municipalities have more
number of cooperatives whereas some have lesser number of cooperatives. Critical
Economics analysis of turmeric production in surkhet district in Nepal .depending
on the number of cooperatives and farmer’s group in respective
municipality and village municipality, the sample cooperatives and farmer’s
group are selected proportionately and within them, the farmers for the
study were selected by simple random sampling method. A total of 15
cooperatives or farmer’s groups are selected by proportionate sampling
method and from each cooperatives 8 farmers are selected randomly. So a
total of 120 farmers are selected as a sample.
Methods and techniques for
data collection
Primary data
The primary data will be
collected through household survey and Key Informant Interview with the
sample farmers through the questionnaire developed for the primary data
purpose.
Household survey
60 households will be selected
altogether through multistage sampling technique. To know the current
status of the turmeric farmers and to share knowledge, information and
perception, questionnaire survey will be conducted. Open ended and close ended
questions will be formed from which useful information will be
gathered.
Key Informant Interview
The experienced personalities and
expert in turmeric cultivating farmers will be selected purposively. Zone
officer, local leaders and presidents of cooperatives will be our major
key informants. Series of questions about the major scenario of turmeric
production area, yield, productivity, number of famers involved in
turmeric cultivation and economic activities are to be asked through Key
Information Interview.
Secondary data
Secondary data are gathered from
journals, relevant articles, newspapers, zone office, MOAD, Krishi
Diary(AITC), HVAP, Ministry of Agriculture, internet, etc. Production
area, productivity, yield of different districts and trend analysis are carried
out.
Data analysis method
The primary and secondary
information collected from the field survey and other methods will be
analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Science(SPSS) and
Microsoft Excel for calculating benefit
cost ratio, price spread, etc. Both descriptive and analytical
methods will be used to analyze the data. The outputs will be represented
through pie chart, regression line, timeline, bar diagrams and
tables.
Socioeconomic and farm
characters
Variables like, sex, age,
education status of the respondents, ethnicity, occupation, area of
turmeric cultivation, live stocks will be analyzed using simple descriptive
statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard deviation.
Cost of production
The cost of production is the
total cost that is incurred during the overall process of production of
the turmeric by the farmers. It is calculated by summing up the total fixed
cost and the total variable cost i.e.
Total cost = Total fixed cost +
Total variable cost
The total fixed cost is the sum
of land cost, depreciation cost and repair and maintenance cost whereas
total variable cost is the sum of the cost of inputs and total cost of labor
i.e.
Total fixed cost = Cland +
Cdepreciation + Crepair and maintenance
Where,
Cland = Land
cost
Cdepreciation =
Depreciation cost
Crepair and maintenance =
Repair and maintenance cost
Also,
Total variable cost = Total cost
of inputs + Total cost of labour
Where,
Input costs include the cost of
seed, manure, packaging materials, transportation and communication and
miscellaneous costs (NRs.).
Labour costs include costs of
bullocks, field preparation, FYM placement and planting, mulch
collection, weeding, spraying, irrigation, harvesting, cleaning, grading,
sorting, packaging, marketing and transportation (NRs.).
Gross Return
It is the total amount of the
revenue after the total quantity of the turmeric produce is sold.
Gross return = Quantity (Kg) *
Price per unit (NRs.)
Gross return of production of
turmeric and total cost for production are used to analyze the B/C ratio.
The formula used for calculating the B/C ratio is
Grossreturns( .)
Rs
B/C ratio = Total cos ( .)
t Rs
Where,
Gross return was calculated from
the income of sold product (NRs.)
The total cost of production was
calculated by summation of variable cost and fixed cost incurred in the
production process (NRs.)
If B/C ratio>1, project is
feasible
If B/C ratio<1, project is
infeasible
If B/C ratio=1, neutral
Price spread
Price spread is the difference
between the price of a commodity paid by the consumer to the price
received by the farmer. It is nothing but the sum total of the beneficiaries
kept by the intermediaries involved in the marketing of the commodity
from the point of production to the point of consumption. To figure out
the price spread, the selling price of turmeric by the farmers and the
cost price of turmeric by the consumers is to be calculated and the difference
is calculated as price spread.
Price spread = Selling price of
farmers – Cost price of consumers
Price stability and Price
variation
The difference in the price of
same commodity in different time duration, different location and due to
other factors is price variation. A very low rate of inflation or deflation of
the price of a commodity or sustainability of price of a commodity over a
period of time is called price stability.
7. Budget Summary
|
S.N. |
COST DESCRIPTION |
UNIT EXPENSE(Rs.) |
AMOUNT(Rs.) |
|
A. |
Researcher allowance |
15,000 |
|
|
B. |
Support 1. Stationary and
communications 2. Purchase books, journals & articles 3. Laptop
purchase Sub total |
3000/month Lump sum 50,000 |
15000 15000 50,000 80,000 |
|
C. |
Data collection 1. Questionnaire and checklist
printing 2. Tea and snacks for participants of FGD 3. Field visit expenses of
experts KII and observation Sub total |
20/questionnaire 2000/FGD 1500/man days(MD) |
2,400 30,000 22,500 54,900 |
|
D. |
Data entry and tabulation |
6000 |
|
|
Total |
1,55,900 |
Gannt Chart
|
S.N. |
Activity |
Months |
||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
||
|
1. |
Literature review |
X | ||||
|
2. |
Pre-pilot field visit |
X | ||||
|
3. |
Questionnaire preparation and
pilot survey |
X | X | X | ||
|
4. |
Main survey |
X | ||||
|
5. |
Data entry |
X | ||||
|
6. |
Data analysis |
X | ||||
|
7. |
Report writing |
X | ||||
|
8. |
Final report |
X | ||||
A problem tree for low
turmeric production in surkhet
Low turmeric production
in 
surkhet
Low seed rhizome quality
of
EFFECTS
turmeric
Disease and pests Lack
of proper knowledge and
CORE PROBLEMS
skills in farmers
L
CAUSES
A objective tree for low
turmeric production in surkhet
A logical framework for
improved livelihood of turmeric farmers by adoption of modern
agricultural practices
|
Narrative summary |
Objectively verifiable indicators(OVI) |
Means of
verification(MOV) |
Risks and assumptions |
|
Goal: Improved
livelihood of turmeric farmers by the adoption of new and modern technologies |
|||
|
Purpose 1. Increased income of
the farmers 2. Replacement of hard
tedious human and animal labor by simple, easy and
efficient machine labor 3. Increased price,
demand and supply of turmeric and turmeric products due to
its high quality |
Yield of turmeric
increased by 20% in 2 years and productivity increased to 12
Mt/ha from 10Mt/ha Mechanization of turmeric
farming in surkhet district by the commercial turmeric
farmers increased by 50% Subsidies provided by the
government to the turmeric farmers |
MOAD report Zone profile Final project report Endline
survey report Seminar workshop
report Journal articles and
publication |
1. Political situation will be
favourable 2. Successful
decentralization of project findings 3. Environment will be
favourable |
|
Output 1. Increased turmeric
production by the farmers 2. High quality turmeric
rhizomes and other turmeric products 3. Low infestations of
disease, insects and |
Yield of turmeric
increased by 20% in 2 years and productivity increased to 12
Mt/ha from 10Mt/ha Access to the better
quality seed rhizomes producing seed companies and proper
knowledge about the |
Project reports Progress reports Training reports Workshop(district and
national levels) |
1. High participation
from poor and marginalized groups 2. Small scale farmers
are much interested to purposed program 3. Better quality
rhizomes, insecticides, |
|
pests in turmeric
production |
integrated pest control |
pesticides and
fertilizers are available |
|
|
Activities/inputs 1. High quality seed
rhizomes of turmeric 2. Modern machineries
like tractor, power tiller, mini tillers, seed cum
fertilizer drills, harvesters, drip irrigation, etc. 3. Awareness in people
about modern technologies 4. Better extension
programs launched by the government 5. Transfer of
technology 6. Removing illiteracy
among the farmers and increasing literacy 7. Trainings and other
extension programs at local level 8. Organic farming and
better use of Integrated pest management |
Project reports Progress reports Training reports Workshop(district and
national levels) |
1. High participation
from poor and marginalized groups 2. Small scale farmers
are much interested to purposed program 3. Better quality
rhizomes, insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers are available |
References
AITC. (2019). Krishi Diary.
Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperatives.
Araújo, C., & Leon, L.
(2001). Biological activities of Curcuma longa L. Memórias Do
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96, 723–728.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762001000500026
Bishnoi, R. K., Kate, S. S.,
& Guleria, A. (2020). Economics of Turmeric Production and Farmers
Perception on New Marketing Method in Samastipur District of Bihar. 9(10),
3042–3050.
Kadte, A. J., Perke, D. S., &
Kale, P. S. (2018). Economics of Turmeric Production in Sangli
District of Maharashtra , India. 6, 2279–2284.
MOAD. (2019). Statistical
Information on Nepalese Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture, Land
Management and Cooperatives, Government of Nepal.
PMAMP. (2017). Zone Profile.
Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperatives.
The economic lowdown podcast
series. (n.d.). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-2-factors
of-production
Vogt, W. (2015). Production
Function. Dictionary of Statistics & Methodology, 81–93.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983907.n1521
Example documents is given
below for data collection questionary :
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN FOR
ECONOMICS OF TURMERIC PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND MARKETING IN
SURKHET DISTRICT OF NEPAL
Dear respondent,
I am Santosh Rajbanshi, Bsc.ag
student from Agriculture and Forestry University Rampur, Chitwan. I am
here to collect information about production and marketing of turmeric in
Surkhet.
Name of respondent:-
………………………………………………
Contact number:-………………………
Address:- …………………………………
Age:- Sex:- Religion:-
Ethnicity:- a) Brahmin b) Chhetri c) Janajati d) Dalit e) Other
Education:- a) Illiterate b) Can
read and write only c) 1-5 d) 6-8 e)8-10 f) 10-12 g) Graduate
Number of family members
……………………
Family member:- a) Nuclear( ) b)
Joint( )
Has any of your family member
migrated? Yes( ) No( ) If yes, then how many? …………….. India…………….
Other…………..
1) Access to road Yes( ) No( ) 2)
Decision making M( ) F( ) 3) Participation in meetings, trainings Yes( ) No(
)
1. Physical assets
Tractor…………. Sprayer…………
Spade…………. Sickle………..
Irrigation pipe(in
meters)……………..
2. Livestock
|
Dairy cattle= |
Draft cattle= |
Total= |
|
Dairy buffalo= |
He buffalo= |
Total= |
|
Goat local= |
Goat improved= |
Total= |
|
Poultry local= |
Poultry improved= |
Total= |
|
Pig local= |
Pig improved= |
Total= |
3. Area ( in ropani )
__________________________
Upland ……………. Rented in…………..
Rented out…………… Lowland ……………. Rented in………….. Rented out…………… Total
cultivatied……………. Upland…………. Lowland………… 4. Area for turmeric
cultivation(In ropani)
Upland………… Lowland………………
5. Rent value (Rs.)…………………
Wage:- Male…………….
Female………………
Bullock/day……………..
Tractor/hr……………
6. Availability of labor
a) Very easy b) Easy c) Moderate
d) Difficult e) Very difficult Hired labor ……….% Home/Family labor………….% 7.
How many labors are required in total for a season? …………………. 8. Do you
grow other crops in the same land? Yes( ) No( ) If yes, mention 9. Do
you have record keeping? Yes( ) No( )
10. Where do you procure seeds
from? ……………………………………….. 11. What is the total cost of production of
turmeric in year? ……………………………. 12. What is the cost of production of
turmeric in a hectare? …………………………….. 13. What quantity turmeric do you
produce in a hectare? …………………………
15. At what rate did you sell
your produce last 5 years?
a) On 2077, Rs………………
b) On 2076, Rs………………
c) On 2075, Rs………………
d) On 2074, Rs………………
e) On 2073, Rs………………
16. What was the cost of seed
rhizome last 5 years?
a) On 2077, Rs………………
b) On 2076, Rs………………
c) On 2075, Rs………………
d) On 2074, Rs………………
e) On 2073, Rs………………
17. How do you sell your
produce? a) After processing b) Without processing 18. The turmeric is
processed in the farm level as …....... a) Chaanaa b) Powder c) Other
………………………….
19. Where do you process your
turmeric?
a) At field b) At nearest
processing centre c) Other ………….. 20. Processing of turmeric on the farm
level is done by:-
a) Human labor b) Machine labor
c) Both
Cost for human labor =
…………………….
Cost for Machine labor =
…………………..
a) Utensils charges ……………………… b)
Fuel charges ……….………. 21. Total cost of turmeric processing …………………
22. Who do you sell your
produce?
a) Wholesalers b) Retailers c)
Merchants d) Small households e) Haatbazaar (Mandi) f) Other ……………..
23. Where do you sell your
produce?
a) Birendranagar b) Chhinchu c)
Nepalgunj f) Other ……………………………
24. What is the current price
of turmeric in the market? Rs…………………. 25. Marketing cost
|
Items of cost |
Price in Rs. |
|
Grading and packaging |
|
|
Loading |
|
|
Transportation |
|
|
Unloading |
|
|
Market fee |
|
|
Weighing charges |
|
|
Commission charges |
|
|
Total |
26. What is the total revenue
you get from turmeric production? Rs…………………. 27. What is the total
profit you get from the turmeric production? Rs…………………. 28. What are the
constraints faced by you during the production of turmeric? a) Lack of
financial support
b) Lack of irrigation water
c) Lack of knowledge and
technical knowhow
d) Pests and diseases
e) Lack of labor
f) Lack of quality seed
rhizomes
g) High price of seed
rhizomes
h) Lack of transportation and
storage facility
i) Others
29. What are the constraints
faced by you for marketing of turmeric? a) Lack of transportation
b) Low price of produce
c) Lack of storage facility
d) Others
30. What do you suggest PMAMP
for the encouragement of turmeric production in surkhet?